To stem COVID-19’s spread, the Biden Administration, state and local governments, and private employers adopted vaccination requirements covering millions of employees. Though no major organized religion opposed the vaccines, thousands of workers sought religious exemptions based on their asserted individualized religious beliefs. This flood of religious accommodation requests—and denied requesters’ later lawsuits—have prompted courts to consider which anti-vaccine and anti-healthcare beliefs qualify for religious protection as a matter of law. This session will examine the law governing religious exemptions from public health requirements, its application to COVID-19 vaccination, public schools, contraceptive coverage, and other contexts, and these cases’ impact on the future of religious exceptionalism in law and society.